Nuclear Power Plants in Central Europe

Bohunice Location: Slovakia Operator: Slovenske Elektrarne Configuration: 4 X 440 MW PWR Operation: 1979-1986 Reactor supplier: AEE, Skoda T/G supplier: Skoda Quick facts: On 31 Dec 2008, Slovakia decommissioned the second reactor at Jaslovske Bohunice to comply with its EU-accession agreement. Unit-1 was taken offline in 2006. Slovakia’s Jadrova a vyradovacia spolocnost as (JAVYS) will now undertake full dismantling of both reactors, a job that will take until 2025 and cost Sk40bn. The Slovak government holds out some hope of recommissioning the two units at a later date. Preliminary construction of the so-called V1 plant at Bohunice with two VVER 440/V 230 units started on 24 Apr 1972 and, one year later, full construction got underway. The first unit went critical on 27 Nov 1978 and began test operation on 17 Dec 1978. The second unit started up on 15 Mar 1980 and was put into test operation on 26 Mar 1980. Photograph courtesy of Slovenske Elektrarne Posted 26 Sep 2004	Cernavoda Location: Romania Operator: SN Nuclearelectrica SA Configuration: 2 X 720 MW CANDU Operation: 1996-2007 Reactor supplier: AECL T/G supplier: GE EPC: AECL, Ansaldo Quick facts: In Dec 1978, an agreement was signed between AECL and Romenergo for construction of Unit-1, followed in Jul 1981 by the agreement for Unit-2. Construction started on these two units in 1980 and 1982, respectively, while the civil works for three more units were started in 1984-86. The original agreements covered the licensing of the CANDU-6 design, equipment supply, and technical assistance. A consortium of Canadian manufacturers and contractors was formed to build the plant. Completion of Cernavoda-1 was initially scheduled for 1985, however the construction schedule slipped repeatedly as local industries failed to produce needed materiel, imports were restricted, and foreign loans dried up. Finally, work was stopped completely in 1989 to fix defective pipe welds. Following a visit from an IAEA mission in 1991, a new consortium of AECL and Italy’s Ansaldo was formed to finish Cernavoda-1. Criticality was achieved in Apr 1996, grid connection in Jul, and commercial operation in Dec. Unit-2 went commercial on 5 Oct 2007. Three additional units were in the original plan and completion of Units 3&4 is anticipated. Photograph courtesy of SN Nuclearelectrica SA Posted 24 Mar 2004	Dukovany Location: Czech Republic Operator: CEZ AS Configuration: 4 X 440 MW PWR Operation: 1985-1988 Reactor supplier: AEE T/G supplier: Skoda Quick facts: In 2000, a $240mn, 9yr modernization program was launched for these VVER-440/213 reactors. This included two modules, one for reactor control and protection and one for IT. The work on Unit-1 was completed in May 2005 in time for the 20th Anniversary of plant operation. It represented one of the largest I&C modernization efforts ever undertaken by contractors Skoda, Framatome, ZAT, and I&C Energo. In 2008, Dukovany set an all-time site record output of 14,450 GWh. In part this was due to unit uprating to 462 MW (Units 2-4) and 468 MW (Unit-1). Photograph courtesy of CEZ AS Posted 26 Sep 2004
Kozloduy 1-4 Location: Bulgaria Operator: Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant plc Configuration: 4 X 440 MW PWR Operation: 1974-1982 (ret) Reactor supplier: AEE T/G supplier: Kharkov, Electrosila EPC: Promishleno, Stroitelstvo, Montaji Quick facts: The first phase of the Kozloduy NPP consisted of two pairs of 440-MW units. On 15 Jul 1966, a cooperation agreement was signed between Bulgaria and the Soviet Union for the construction of a NPP. Following a detailed feasibility study, a site on the Danube River was selected for development. Ground-breaking was 14 Oct and construction of the main building of started on 6 Apr 1970. This is 240m long, 105m wide and 40m high and contains the reactors, turbines, ventilation system, and electrical equipment. Overhall, Kozloduy NPP was the largest-ever EPC project in Bulgaria and over 100,000 workers took part. Units 1&2 were shut down in 2002 and Units 3&4 were decommissioned at the end of 2006 as agreed in Bulgaria’s EU Accession Treaty. Each unit supplied about 66 TWh to the gird in its abbreviated operational lifetime. Photograph courtesy of Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant plc Posted 16 Jan 2012	Kozloduy 5&6 Location: Bulgaria Operator: Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant plc Configuration: 2 X 1,000 MW PWR Operation: 1988-1993 Reactor supplier: AEE T/G supplier: LMZ, Electrosila EPC: Promishleno, Stroitelstvo, Montaji Quick facts: Kozloduy is the only nuclear power plant in Bulgaria and supplies about a third of the country's electricity. The operating company is entirely state-owned. With about 4,700 employees, Kozloduy is one of the major employers in Bulgaria. A full-scope modernization program for Units 5&6 was completed in 2008, the first and at present the only program of its kind. The two units set an output record of 16.3 TWh in 2011. Photograph courtesy of Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant plc Re-posted 16 Jan 2012	Mochovce Location: Slovakia Operator: Slovenske Elektrarne Configuration: 2 X 440 MW PWR Operation: 1999-2000 Reactor supplier: AEE T/G supplier: Skoda Quick facts: Construction on two more units was halted in 1992 while SE concentrated on completion of the first two sets. Work was re-started on Units 3&4 in Nov 2008. SE plans to invest €2.77bn to finish the units in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Photograph courtesy of Slovenske Elektrarne Posted 25 Apr 2001
Paks Location: Hungary Operator: Paksi Atomeromu Rt Configuration: 4 X 500 MWe PWR Operation: 1983-1987 Reactor supplier: AEE T/G supplier: Kharkov Quick facts: Paksi Atomeromu is a state-owned company founded in 1976 and converted to a share company since 1992. The four VVER440/V213 reactors are sited in central Hungary 5km from the town of Paks. The plant typically supplies over 40% of Hungary’s electric power and the Paks units are among the world leaders in load factor. They were also among the first in Central Europe to be upgraded to Western safety standards, in part due to the installation of a simulator developed with the assistance of Finnish experts. The maintenance training center completed in 1997 is unique in that the reactor, steam generator, circulating pumps, isolating valves, and other equipment are original factory-manufactured pieces obtained from terminated plants and other sources. All four units were progressively uprated from the orginal 440-MW rating and production in 2010 was 15.8 TWh, an all-time site record. Photograph courtesy of Paksi Atomeromu Rt Posted 8 Nov 2003	Temelin Location: Czech Republic Operator: CEZ AS Configuration: 2 X 1,000 MW PWR Operation: 2002-2003 Reactor supplier: Skoda T/G supplier: Skoda EPC: Energoprojekt Prague, Skoda Quick facts: In 1980, the government decided to build four VVER-1000 units at a large site in southern Bohemia 100km from Prague and 60km from the Austrian border. Initial design began in 1985 and major construction started in 1987. In 1990, an OSART evaluation mission was dispatched in 1990 by IAEA which recommended a program to upgrade the reactors to Western standards. In 1990, the government decided to stop construction on Temelin 3&4 after new demand forecasts. In Mar 1993, the Czech Republic decided to complete Units 1&2, budgeted for fully 25% of CEZ's capex during 1994-2000. In May 1993, Westinghouse received contracts for I&C upgrades and for fuel fabrication and reloads. In Jun 1995, CEZ and Skoda signed a completion agreement and the government gave final approval in 1999 stipulating that the final capital cost would not exceed K98.6bn (around $3.3bn). Fuel was loaded in Unit-1 in Jun 2000 and the reactor went critical in Oct, reaching 90% power in Dec. A variety of technical problems – mostly turbine-related - delayed full-time operation until Jun 2002. The second unit was authorized for fuel load in Mar 2002 and went to full power in 2003. Both reactors were declared in commercial service in Oct 2004. Photograph courtesy of CEZ AS Posted 26 Sep 2004	Zarnowiec Location: Poland Operator: Zarnowiec NPP Configuration: 4 X 465 MW PWR Operation: n/a (cancelled) Reactor supplier: AEE, Skoda T/G supplier: BBC T/G supplier: St Petersburg Atomenergoproekt, Energoblok-Wybrzeże Quick facts: This plant was developed on a 432ac site on Lake Zarnowiec in far northern Poland. This is a 1,400ha glacial lake in the Piasnica River basin,  5km from the Baltic. The first unit was ordered in 1974 and three more ordered in 1983. Construction got underway on two blocks on 1 Jan 1983 and proceeded fitfully until April 1990 when the project was terminated following a public referendum. The NPP was to be built in tandem with the 720-MW Zarnowiec a pumped-storage power station that t uses the lake as a lower reservoir. The PSP plant was completed in 1983 after 7yrs of construction. A new NPP plant has been proposed for much the same location. Photograph courtesy of www.mikofoto.net Posted 27 Jan 2011

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